Training hard comes with a price. That price is usually some sort of nagging pain or injury that we typically just assume will be with us for the rest of our lives.

“Oh yea, it is just my bad shoulder. It always aches after I bench.”

“You know how that knee is. There is usually a dull pain in there all the time.”

Oftentimes, these injuries can be alleviated by some soft tissue work and stretching. There are a variety of different types of soft tissue work:

Active Release Techniques (ART)
Myofascial Release (MFR)
Neuromuscular Therapy (NMT)

And the list goes on and on. I believe that all types of soft tissue work have their place and what may be more important than seeking out a specific type of soft tissue work, is just getting SOMETHING done by a skilled therapist.

A term that gets thrown around by massage therapists, physical therapists, chiropractors and has recently been making its way into the strength and conditioning world, is the term “trigger point.” Since people seem to be talking about trigger points more and more, I decided to give you are run down of exactly what a trigger point is, why we should care about them, and what we can do about them.

What is a trigger point?

While some may tell you that trigger points are tender areas in the muscle, this is actually not entirely true! One key characteristic of trigger points is that they are tender to touch, however, every tender area is not a trigger point.

If an area of a muscle is just tender, but does not have the other characteristics of trigger points, then the area is just a “tender point”. These tender points are areas of congestion, where tissue may be ischemic (lacking blood flow), fibrotic, or there may be a lot of scar tissue matted down in the particular area of stress.

Trigger points are areas of taught, hyper-contracted bands/nodules within a muscle. They are tender to touch and have a predicted pain referral pattern. These hyper-contracted nodules within the muscle are palpable and will often feel like little peas or semi-cooked spaghetti. A visual example, would be this picture of some trigger points inside the Sterocleidomastoid:

As you can see, there are a few small contracted nodules, within the fibers that are at normal resting length.

The trigger points can be either active or latent.

A latent trigger point means that it only sends its pain referral pattern when you touch it. For example, if you take a tennis ball and place it between your scapula and your spine, you may push into a trigger point in the rhomboids, which will give you this radiating or dull ache all over the upper back area. If you didn’t push into that area with the trigger point, you would not know it was there. This is a latent trigger point. It only refers when you press into it.

An active trigger point is one, which is currently referring its myofascial pain response. A good example of this, is if you ever had a headache, and you pinched your upper traps, and in doing so were able to produce your symptoms (IE, the headache or that ache through the top of your head and behind your eyes), congratulations, you found an active trigger point!

Trigger points usually can be found in clusters. So, if you de-activate one (I’ll tell you how in a second), then you have to search out and try and de-activate the others within that muscle. This may take some time, and may be very intense, so you might want to do it over a few sessions.

Another thing to consider is that trigger points are not just located within the belly of the muscle. They can also be located in tendonus attachment of the muscle and, even some trigger point referral patterns have been documented ligaments - good examples of this would be the pain referral pattern for the sacrotuberous ligament, which refers a pain pattern down the back of the leg and into the calf (similar to what people may diagnose as or call sciatica) and the pain referral pattern for the iliolumbar ligament which is can be felt in the groin or pain on the outside of the hip (what some may diagnose as or refer to as trochanteric bursitis).

What Muscles Can Develop Trigger Points?

No man is safe!

Any muscle can develop a trigger point and there are several books documenting where these trigger point referral patterns are (Travell and Simons opus Myofascial Pain and Dysfuction: The Trigger Point Manual; Vol 1 (the upper extremity) and Vol. 2 (the lower extremity) are the most comprehensive and widely accepted books on the topic of trigger points).

A lot of times, trigger points can be found in muscles, which are antagonistic to muscles that are constantly contracted. An example of this would be the infraspinatus, always trying to exert an eccentric force on someone’s shoulder who sits at a desk all day, typing away in a chronically internally rotated position. After awhile, the infraspinatus gets tired and lengthens, however there are bands of that muscle, which stay contracted (trigger points!) to try and counteract the internal rotation force and overtime these bands can present their pain referral pattern. One of the pain referral patterns for the infraspinatus is to the front of the shoulder, where people will often say that they got a diagnosis of bicipital tendonitis or impingement. It is not uncommon for someone to come to see me with pain in the front of his or her shoulder (near or around the biciptal groove) and say that they think they have impingement. Upon inspecting their infraspinatus, I can find the trigger points and when I push into them, and ask how it feels and if they feel pain or sensation anywhere else, they comment that they feel the pain in the front of their shoulders and it is the same pain that they feel through out the day. On more than one occasion, I have de-activated trigger points in someone’s infraspinatus and they left totally pain free.

Trigger points can also be found in muscles that are under chronic contraction. A good example of this may be the upper traps or the sub occipital muscles (or even the pectoralis major from the above example! Another common example would be trigger points in the Psoas with people who are always in an anterior pelvic tilt). The upper traps or sub occipitals may develop trigger points from being over contracted all day as individuals sit at their desk with poor posture. Both of these muscles have pain referral patterns that go up into the head and behind or just above the eyes. It is no wonder that people who work desk jobs get such frequent headaches!!

So basically, any muscle can develop a trigger point for any number of reasons.

From Clinical Applications of Neuromuscular Techniques by Leon Chaitow and Judith Walker-Delaney (Vol 2, pg. 20):

Primary activating factors:

- Persistent muscular contraction, strain or overuse (emotional or physical cause)

- Trauma (local inflammatory reaction)

- Adverse environmental conditions (cold, heat, damp, draughts, etc)

- Prolonged immobility

- Febrile illness

- Systemic biochemical imbalance (e.g. hormonal, nutritional)

Secondary activating factors:

- Compensating synergist and antagonist muscles to those housing triggers may also develop triggers

- Satellite triggers evolve in referral zone (from key triggers or visceral disease referral, e.g., myocardial infarct)

- Infections

- Allergies (food and other)

- Nutritional deficiency (especially C, B-complex and iron)

- Hormonal imbalance (thyroid, in particular)

- Low oxygenation of tissues

The key is, knowing where to look and what to do when you find one!

Why Should We Care About Trigger Points?

The first and obvious reason to care about trigger points is BECAUSE THEY HURT! Basically, anything that hurts is going to alter the way that we move. This in turn, leads to other dysfunctions and problems and potentially more trigger point development.

Aside from altering the way that we move, when we are in pain, we psychologically don’t feel good! No one likes to be in pain or miss time playing their sport or training because they hurt.

Common clinical characteristics of trigger points are:

-There may be pain upon contraction – Again, no one likes to hurt. If it hurts to contract, we don’t want to contract.

-Pain during stretching of the muscle at certain ranges of motion – If it hurts to take a muscle through a certain range of motion, then we stop doing it or we limit that range of motion, leading to more problems.

- Muscle weakness – This is a big one!! If muscles are weak, then they can’t optimally do their job. An example of this is trigger points in the Psoas or the glute medius, making those muscles test weak, and causing other problems down the chain. This is also an important aspect, as we often times think of muscles that test weak as muscles that need to be strengthened. However, what happens when you try and strengthen a muscle (causing it to contract more) that has taught bands, which are already hyper-contracted? Not a whole lot, that’s what! You may end up just chasing your tail trying to help that person!

In short, we should care about trigger points because they can negatively affect our performance!

What Can We Do About Trigger Points?

So now that we know what trigger points are, how they develop and why we should care about them, most people are probably wondering, “HOW DO I GET RID OF THEM?”

The method of getting rid of trigger points isn’t that hard. You just have to know what muscles to check, how to access the muscle (not just how to find it, but knowing which direction the fibers run can be very helpful), and how to release the trigger point.

If you are rolling on a foam roller or tennis ball or if you are performing trigger point therapy on someone else, you are going to want to look for trigger points that refer to the area of the body that the person is complaining of pain. A great book that I recommend often is The Trigger Point Therapy Workbook: Your self-treatment guide for pain relief by Clair Davies. It is basically a “how to” book for finding trigger points and where there pain referral patterns are. Each chapter deals with a region of the body and the first page of each chapter has various places that people may feel pain (IE, anterior shoulder pain) and then the muscles and page numbers those muscles can be found on which refer pain to this area (IE, the muscles which can refer to the anterior shoulder are infraspinatus, anterior deltoid, scalenes, supraspinatus, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, biceps, latissimus doris, coracobrachialis). It then tells you exactly how to work those muscles! It may be the best $20 you ever spend (assuming that you already purchased a foam roller).

Once you have found and confirmed your trigger point, you need to set up a barrier, which breaks apart the actin and myosin (the contractile proteins within the sarcomere) which are bound together due to the chronic contraction in the specific band of the muscle.

This barrier can be created with your fingers (as in the picture) or with any one of the self- care tools available today (e.g. foam roll, the stick, thera-cane, trigger point ball, tennis ball, etc). A lot of people like to take the foam roller and roll back and forth on it. This is okay, as it helps to address the fascia, improves circulation to the tissue and can help to break up adhesions. But, if you want to de-activate the trigger point, you need to stop on the tender area that is referring pain and hold your pressure until it begins to release and the pain starts to dissipate.

The amount of time that you hold the trigger point has been debated over the years, but it appears that approximately 8-12 seconds is the accepted amount of time. It is important to note that if you are pushing and it isn’t releasing, you may be giving it to much pressure and just blasting through superficial tissue and/or more superficial trigger points. Also, if the trigger point doesn’t release after a short period of time, you may want to mark the area (with a pen or something that will wash off) and work other areas of the muscle and come back to it, as trigger point therapy can get very intense and this intensity may not allow the trigger point to release right away. The real key is to give the trigger point just enough pressure to start to feel it release (and confirm that with a slight dissipation of the referral symptoms) and then start to go deeper and work through the next barrier.

How much pressure is enough?

A little bit goes a long way with this. In the past, it was suggested that you hold pressure the trigger point at the individuals’ pain tolerance of a 7-8/10 (10 being excruciating pain). It is now accepted that even a 7-8/10 may be to high to get a proper release, so authors and researchers suggest holding the trigger point at a level of a 5/10 until the individual experiences a decrease in symptoms, at which point you can either go deeper into the tissue (look for trigger points that are in deeper muscles) or move to another location and search for trigger points (the trigger point clusters that I referred to above).

It is important to know that this sustained compression is what will help to alleviate the trigger point. If you only hold for a short period of time, and don’t continue with the treatment, the shortened nodule within the muscle will return to its previous state and very little therapeutic benefit will be gained.

So, to review:

- Find the trigger point

- Hold pressure at a 5/10

- Wait for the tissue to release (you can feel it soften under your skin or, the person will begin to feel a decrease in the pain referral pattern)

- Once the tissue releases and the referral starts to dissipate, either go deeper into the tissue or move on and look for other trigger points in the cluster

Once the trigger points have been de-activated and “order has been restored to the muscle”, you can go ahead and roll the muscle out to promote some blood flow to the area, stretch the tissue (if it is a muscle which needs stretching) and strengthen the tissue.

Things To Consider

- Remember, not all tender areas are trigger points. They may be tender points where tissue is ischemic, scarred up, or fibrotic. This may require other forms of soft tissue therapy.

- Trigger points are not (usually not) the only problem. They are usually part of a bigger problem that has to do with other soft tissue dysfunctions. You should seek out a therapist who can work with you to determine what the underlying problems are.

- Self Care is important! Make sure you are foam rolling and working on your soft tissue. Make sure your training program is developed properly to limit tissue stress and overuse.

- Soft tissue work, foam rolling and proper strength exercises are essential in making sure that your tissue stays healthy and you stay pain free

- Be aware of your activities of daily living and your posture, so that you are not putting un-necessary stress on structures that don’t need it. So much of our pain and dysfunction comes back to how we operate on a daily basis. Altering activities of daily living, while difficult, are crucial in making lasting changes in your soft tissue.

- Just because you de-activate a trigger point, doesn’t mean that it can’t return!

- Always seek medical attention if you feel there is something more serious going on!

References

Simons D. Understanding Effective Treatments Of Myofascial Trigger Points. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2002. 6(2) 81-88.

Chaitow L, Walker-DeLany J. Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques, Vol. 1: The Upper Body. Elsevier Limited. 2000.

Chaitow L, Walker-DeLany J. Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques, Vol. 2: The Lower Body. Elsevier Limited. 2002.

Davies C. The Trigger Point Therapy Workbook: Your Self-Treatment Guide For Pain Relief. 2^nd ed. New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2004.

Archer P. Therapeutic Massage in Athletics. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2007.

Lecture notes from: Neuromuscular Therapy – American Version: Care of Soft Tissue Pain and Dysfunction. Judith Delany. International Academy of Neuromuscular Thearpies: NMT Training Center.

About the Author

Patrick Ward is the owner of Optimum Sports Performance LLC. He holds a Masters Degree in Exercise Science and is a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist with the NSCA and a Performance Enhancement Specialist with the NASM. He is certified in Active Release Techniques (ART) for the upper extremity and is a few weeks away from completing the necessary requirements to be licensed as a massage therapist in the state of Arizona (where he currently resides). He has worked with athletes and general population clients of all ages and abilities on both exercise programs and soft tissue therapies. He can be reached at Patrick@optimumsportsperformance.com.

© Optimum Sports Performance LLC. 2008

Posted by Patrick Ward on Monday, November 3, 2008 at 1:37 PM | Permalink